**Figure 5.** Fig. 2 Effects of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin in microglia cell viability. Microglia were cultured for 24 h in 10% serum-containing medium, which was replaced with serum-free medium before pre-treatment with (a, c, e) ciprofloxacin (CPFX) and (b, d, f) levofloxacin (LVFX) (50–200 μg/ ml) for 1 h followed by stimulation with 100 ng/ml LPS for 6 h. At the end of incubation, cell viability was determined by (a, b) MTT, (c, d) SRB, and (e, f) Trypan blue exclusion assays. Results are expressed as percentage of cell viability relative to LPS-stimulated microglia. Data are means ± SEM (n = at least three independent experiments). Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test (p = 0.0020 and p = 0.8929 in a, b; p = 0.0048 and p = 0.3920 in c, d; p = 0.0376 and p = 0.9245 in e, f), followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001 versus LPSstimulated cells (dashed lines)

الوصف

Cell viability assays demonstrate that ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin at the tested concentrations do not significantly reduce microglial survival, confirming that anti-inflammatory effects are not due to cytotoxicity.

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Figure 4

Molecular docking analysis reveals two alternative binding conformations of ciprofloxacin within the TLR4-MD-2 complex binding pocket, suggesting direct physical interaction with the innate immune receptor.

diagram

Figure 6

Cytokine release profiles from LPS-stimulated cortical microglia reveal dose-dependent reductions in TNF-alpha and IL-6 following fluoroquinolone treatment.

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Figure 7

NF-kB nuclear translocation in LPS-stimulated microglia is attenuated by both ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, as shown by immunofluorescence or reporter gene assays.

chart

Figure 8

LPS binding and TLR4 dimerization assays in Ba/F3 cells demonstrate that fluoroquinolones interfere with the initial receptor activation step of innate immune signaling.

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Figure 9

Proposed mechanistic model depicts how ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin target the TLR4-MD-2 complex to block LPS-induced downstream signaling cascades and cytokine production.

diagram

Figure 5

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Source Paper

Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin attenuate microglia inflammatory response via TLR4/NF-kB pathway.

Journal of neuroinflammation (2019)

PMID: 31319868

DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1538-9

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![Figure 5: Cell viability assays demonstrate that ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin at the tested concentrations do not significantly reduce microglial survival, confirming that anti-inflammatory effects are not due to cytotoxicity.](https://pdfs.citedhealth.com/figures/31319868/90.png)

> Source: Morena Zusso et al. "Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin attenuate microglia inflammatory response via TLR." *Journal of neuroinflammation*, 2019. PMID: [31319868](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31319868/)

<figure>
  <img src="https://pdfs.citedhealth.com/figures/31319868/90.png" alt="Cell viability assays demonstrate that ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin at the tested concentrations do not significantly reduce microglial survival, confirming that anti-inflammatory effects are not due to cytotoxicity." />
  <figcaption>Figure 5. Cell viability assays demonstrate that ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin at the tested concentrations do not significantly reduce microglial survival, confirming that anti-inflammatory effects are not due to cytotoxicity.<br>  Source: Morena Zusso et al. "Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin attenuate microglia inflammatory response via TLR." <em>Journal of neuroinflammation</em>, 2019. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31319868/">31319868</a></figcaption>
</figure>

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