Skip to main content
BrainCited

Longitudinal investigation of neuroinflammation and metabolite profiles in the APPswe ×PS1Δe9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Aisling Chaney, Martin Bauer, Daniela Bochicchio, Alison Smigova, Michael Kassiou et al.
Other Journal of neurochemistry 2018 30 citazioni
PubMed DOI PDF
<\/script>\n
`; }, get iframeSnippet() { const domain = 'braincited.com'; const params = 'pmid\u003D29124761'; return ``; }, get activeSnippet() { return this.method === 'script' ? this.scriptSnippet : this.iframeSnippet; }, copySnippet() { navigator.clipboard.writeText(this.activeSnippet).then(() => { this.copied = true; setTimeout(() => { this.copied = false; }, 2000); }); } }" @keydown.escape.window="open = false" @click.outside="open = false">

Embed This Widget

Style



      
      
    


    
    

      Widget powered by
      .
      Free, no account required.
    

  




    






    
    

        
        
        

            

  
Study Design





            

                

                    

                        
                        

                            
Tipo di studio

                            
Other

                        

                        
                        
                        
                        

                            
Popolazione

                            
Animal model (rodents)

                        

                        
                        
                        

                            
Durata

                            
77.9 weeks

                        

                        
                    

                    

                        
                        

                            
Intervento

                            
Longitudinal investigation of neuroinflammation and metabolite profiles in the APPswe ×PS1Δe9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. None

                        

                        
                        
                        

                            
Comparatore

                            
None

                        

                        
                        
                        

                            
Esito primario

                            
None

                        

                        
                        

                            
Direzione dell'effetto

                            

                                
                                    Positive
                                
                            

                        

                        
                        

                            
Rischio di bias

                            
Unclear

                        

                        
                    

                

            

        

        

        
        
        

            

  
Abstract





            

                
There is increasing evidence linking neuroinflammation to many neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, its exact contribution to disease manifestation and/or progression is poorly understood. Therefore, there is a need to investigate neuroinflammation in both health and disease. Here, we investigate cognitive decline, neuroinflammatory and other pathophysiological changes in the APPswe ×PS1Δe9 transgenic mouse model of AD. Transgenic (TG) mice were compared to C57BL/6 wild type (WT) mice at 6, 12 and 18 months of age. Neuroinflammation was investigated by [18 F]DPA-714 positron emission tomography and myo-inositol levels using 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in vivo. Neuronal and cellular dysfunction was investigated by looking at N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline-containing compounds, taurine and glutamate also using MRS. Cognitive decline was first observed at 12 m of age in the TG mice as assessed by working memory tests . A significant increase in [18 F]DPA-714 uptake was seen in the hippocampus and cortex of 18 m-old TG mice when compared to age-matched WT mice and 6 m-old TG mice. No overall effect of gene was seen on metabolite levels; however, a significant reduction in NAA was observed in 18 m-old TG mice when compared to WT. In addition, age resulted in a decrease in glutamate and an increase in choline levels. Therefore, we can conclude that increased neuroinflammation and cognitive decline are observed in TG animals, whereas NAA alterations occurring with age are exacerbated in the TG mice. These results support the role of neuroinflammation and metabolite alteration in AD and in ageing.

            

        

        

        
        
        

            
TL;DR

            
Increased neuroinflammation and cognitive decline are observed in TG animals, whereas NAA alterations occurring with age are exacerbated in the TG mice, which support the role of neuro inflammation and metabolite alteration in AD and in ageing.

        

        

        
        
        

            

  
Full Text






            
            
            

                
                
            

            

            
            
            

                
                

                    

                        Longitudinal investigation 1 of neuroinflammation and metabolite profiles in the APPswe×PS1Δe9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease.
                    

                    

                        
Chaney A.1,2*, Bauer M.3†, Bochicchio D.2†, Smigova A.1,2, Kassiou M.4, Davies K.E.14 , Williams S.R.1, Boutin H.1,2.


  1. 1 Centre for Imaging Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
  2. 2 Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 3LJ, UK. 3Medical University Vienna, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Waehringer Guertel 1820, 1090 Vienna, Austria. 4School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia. † Contributed equally to the work


* Current address: 3165 Porter Drive, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304.


Corresponding Author: Dr Hervé Boutin, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, 27 Palatine Road, Manchester, M20 3LJ, UK Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 161 275 0078 Fax: +44 161 275 0003

                    

                

                
                

                    

                        18S U V [F ]D P A -714
                    

                    

                        
                    

                

                
                

                    

                        *
                    

                    

                        
  1. 0 .0
  2. 1 .5
  3. 2 .0


W T


TG


th s


th s


th s


m o n


m o n


m o n


6


1 2


8


1


Supplementary Figure 2: [18F]DPA-714 standard uptake value in the cerebellum of WT and APPswe×PS1Δe9 mice at 6 (WT n=10, TG=7), 12 (WT n=8, TG=9) and 18 months (WT n=10, TG=9) of age. Results are


expressed as mean±SD. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s post-


hoc analysis (*p≤0.05).

                    

                

                
                

                    

                        WT
                    

                    

                        
                    

                

                
                

                    

                        TG
                    

                    

                        
GFAP CD11b


GFAP CD11b


Merge


6 months


12 months


18 months

                    

                

                
                

                    

                        b.
                    

                    

                        
                    

                

                
                

                    

                        WT
                    

                    

                        
                    

                

                
                

                    

                        TG
                    

                    

                        
GFAP CD11b


Merge


GFAP CD11b


6 months


12 months

                    

                

                
                

                    

                        WT
                    

                    

                        
                    

                

                
                

                    

                        TG
                    

                    

                        
TSPO CD11b


6 months


12 months


18 months


TSPO CD11b


Merge

                    

                

                
                

                    

                        b.
                    

                    

                        
                    

                

                
                

                    

                        WT
                    

                    

                        
TSPO CD11b


6 months


12 months

                    

                

                
                

                    

                        TG
                    

                    

                        
TSPO CD11b


Merge

                    

                

                
                

                    

                        a. TG
                    

                    

                        
                    

                

                
                

                    

                        WT
                    

                    

                        
                    

                

                
                

                    

                        MAP2 NeuN
                    

                    

                        
                    

                

                
                

                    

                        6 months
                    

                    

                        
                    

                

                
                

                    

                        12 months
                    

                    

                        
                    

                

                
                

                    

                        18 months
                    

                    

                        
                    

                

                
                

                    

                        MAP2 NeuN
                    

                    

                        
                    

                

                
                

                    

                        b. TG
                    

                    

                        
WT


MAP2 NeuN


6 months


12 months


MAP2 NeuN

                    

                

                
            

            

            
            
            

                

                    
                    

                        

                            PDF
                            
                        

                        

                            
                            
                            
                                
                            
                        

                    

                    
                    

                        
                        

                            

                                
                                Loading PDF...
                            

                        

                    

                

            

            
        

        

        
        
        

            

  
Figures





            

                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 1

                        
                        
Longitudinal experimental design for investigating neuroinflammation and metabolite changes in the APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse model across multiple age time points.

                        
                        
                        flowchart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 2

                        
                        
Microglial activation markers measured longitudinally in the transgenic Alzheimer's model, showing progressive neuroinflammatory changes that correlate with amyloid plaque accumulation over time.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 3

                        
                        
Astrocyte reactivity (GFAP immunostaining) in the APPswe x PS1de9 mouse brain at different ages, demonstrating increasing astrogliosis alongside advancing Alzheimer's-like pathology.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 4

                        
                        
Pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in the transgenic Alzheimer's mouse brain measured at sequential time points, revealing a progressive neuroinflammatory signature associated with disease progression.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 5

                        
                        
Anti-inflammatory cytokine and growth factor levels in the APPswe x PS1de9 model over time, showing alterations in the neuroprotective signaling that may counteract neuroinflammation.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 6

                        
                        
Metabolite concentration data from the longitudinal Alzheimer's mouse model, tracking neurochemical changes in brain regions affected by amyloid pathology.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 7

                        
                        
Immunohistochemical analysis of neuroinflammatory markers in specific brain regions of the APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mice, comparing age-matched wild-type and transgenic animals.

                        
                        
                        micrograph
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 8

                        
                        
Quantification of amyloid plaque burden and associated microglial clustering in the transgenic Alzheimer's model across the studied age range.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 9

                        
                        
Metabolite concentration data from the longitudinal Alzheimer's mouse model, tracking neurochemical changes in brain regions affected by amyloid pathology.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 10

                        
                        
Immunohistochemical analysis of neuroinflammatory markers in specific brain regions of the APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mice, comparing age-matched wild-type and transgenic animals.

                        
                        
                        micrograph
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 11

                        
                        
MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy) data from the Alzheimer's transgenic mouse brain, detecting metabolite ratios that reflect neuronal integrity and glial activation status.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 12

                        
                        
Correlation analysis between neuroinflammatory marker levels and metabolite concentrations in the APPswe x PS1de9 mouse model, suggesting mechanistic links between inflammation and metabolic disruption.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 13

                        
                        
Regional brain analysis comparing hippocampal and cortical neuroinflammatory profiles in the transgenic Alzheimer's model at an intermediate age time point.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 14

                        
                        
Longitudinal tracking of specific metabolite ratios (such as NAA/Cr or myo-inositol/Cr) in the Alzheimer's transgenic mouse model, used as biomarkers of neuronal health and gliosis.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 15

                        
                        
MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy) data from the Alzheimer's transgenic mouse brain, detecting metabolite ratios that reflect neuronal integrity and glial activation status.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 16

                        
                        
Correlation analysis between neuroinflammatory marker levels and metabolite concentrations in the APPswe x PS1de9 mouse model, suggesting mechanistic links between inflammation and metabolic disruption.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 17

                        
                        
Regional brain analysis comparing hippocampal and cortical neuroinflammatory profiles in the transgenic Alzheimer's model at an intermediate age time point.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 18

                        
                        
Longitudinal tracking of specific metabolite ratios (such as NAA/Cr or myo-inositol/Cr) in the Alzheimer's transgenic mouse model, used as biomarkers of neuronal health and gliosis.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 19

                        
                        
MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy) data from the Alzheimer's transgenic mouse brain, detecting metabolite ratios that reflect neuronal integrity and glial activation status.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 20

                        
                        
Correlation analysis between neuroinflammatory marker levels and metabolite concentrations in the APPswe x PS1de9 mouse model, suggesting mechanistic links between inflammation and metabolic disruption.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 21

                        
                        
Hippocampal tissue analysis from the APPswe x PS1de9 mouse model showing the relationship between amyloid deposition and local neuroinflammatory responses at a later disease stage.

                        
                        
                        micrograph
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 22

                        
                        
Quantitative comparison of inflammatory mediator expression between transgenic and wild-type mice at matched time points, highlighting the progressive nature of neuroinflammation in the Alzheimer's model.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 23

                        
                        
Western blot or protein expression analysis of key neuroinflammatory pathway components from brain homogenates of the Alzheimer's transgenic mice across the longitudinal study.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 24

                        
                        
Spatial distribution of neuroinflammatory markers in different brain regions of the APPswe x PS1de9 model, demonstrating region-specific vulnerability to Alzheimer's-related pathology.

                        
                        
                        micrograph
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 25

                        
                        
Hippocampal tissue analysis from the APPswe x PS1de9 mouse model showing the relationship between amyloid deposition and local neuroinflammatory responses at a later disease stage.

                        
                        
                        micrograph
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 26

                        
                        
Quantitative comparison of inflammatory mediator expression between transgenic and wild-type mice at matched time points, highlighting the progressive nature of neuroinflammation in the Alzheimer's model.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 27

                        
                        
Western blot or protein expression analysis of key neuroinflammatory pathway components from brain homogenates of the Alzheimer's transgenic mice across the longitudinal study.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 28

                        
                        
Spatial distribution of neuroinflammatory markers in different brain regions of the APPswe x PS1de9 model, demonstrating region-specific vulnerability to Alzheimer's-related pathology.

                        
                        
                        micrograph
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 29

                        
                        
Hippocampal tissue analysis from the APPswe x PS1de9 mouse model showing the relationship between amyloid deposition and local neuroinflammatory responses at a later disease stage.

                        
                        
                        micrograph
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 30

                        
                        
Quantitative comparison of inflammatory mediator expression between transgenic and wild-type mice at matched time points, highlighting the progressive nature of neuroinflammation in the Alzheimer's model.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 31

                        
                        
Western blot or protein expression analysis of key neuroinflammatory pathway components from brain homogenates of the Alzheimer's transgenic mice across the longitudinal study.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 32

                        
                        
Spatial distribution of neuroinflammatory markers in different brain regions of the APPswe x PS1de9 model, demonstrating region-specific vulnerability to Alzheimer's-related pathology.

                        
                        
                        micrograph
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 33

                        
                        
Late-stage metabolite profiling in the Alzheimer's transgenic mouse brain, showing pronounced neurochemical alterations compared to age-matched controls at the final time point.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 34

                        
                        
Multivariate statistical analysis of combined neuroinflammatory and metabolic data from the longitudinal APPswe x PS1de9 study, identifying key biomarker signatures that differentiate transgenic from wild-type animals.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 35

                        
                        
Summary heat map or correlation matrix integrating neuroinflammation and metabolite data across all time points in the Alzheimer's transgenic mouse model.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 36

                        
                        
Late-stage metabolite profiling in the Alzheimer's transgenic mouse brain, showing pronounced neurochemical alterations compared to age-matched controls at the final time point.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 37

                        
                        
Multivariate statistical analysis of combined neuroinflammatory and metabolic data from the longitudinal APPswe x PS1de9 study, identifying key biomarker signatures that differentiate transgenic from wild-type animals.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 38

                        
                        
Summary heat map or correlation matrix integrating neuroinflammation and metabolite data across all time points in the Alzheimer's transgenic mouse model.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 39

                        
                        
Late-stage metabolite profiling in the Alzheimer's transgenic mouse brain, showing pronounced neurochemical alterations compared to age-matched controls at the final time point.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 40

                        
                        
Multivariate statistical analysis of combined neuroinflammatory and metabolic data from the longitudinal APPswe x PS1de9 study, identifying key biomarker signatures that differentiate transgenic from wild-type animals.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 41

                        
                        
Summary heat map or correlation matrix integrating neuroinflammation and metabolite data across all time points in the Alzheimer's transgenic mouse model.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 42

                        
                        
Late-stage metabolite profiling in the Alzheimer's transgenic mouse brain, showing pronounced neurochemical alterations compared to age-matched controls at the final time point.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 43

                        
                        
Metabolite concentration profiles measured longitudinally in brain tissue of APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic Alzheimer's model mice. The data track neuroinflammatory and metabolic changes associated with disease progression.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 44

                        
                        
Metabolite concentration profiles measured longitudinally in brain tissue of APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic Alzheimer's model mice. The data track neuroinflammatory and metabolic changes associated with disease progression.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 45

                        
                        
Metabolite concentration profiles measured longitudinally in brain tissue of APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic Alzheimer's model mice. The data track neuroinflammatory and metabolic changes associated with disease progression.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 46

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite analysis in the APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, comparing metabolite levels across different age groups. These profiles indicate progressive neuroinflammatory changes in affected brain regions.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 47

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite analysis in the APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, comparing metabolite levels across different age groups. These profiles indicate progressive neuroinflammatory changes in affected brain regions.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 48

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite analysis in the APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, comparing metabolite levels across different age groups. These profiles indicate progressive neuroinflammatory changes in affected brain regions.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 49

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite analysis in the APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, comparing metabolite levels across different age groups. These profiles indicate progressive neuroinflammatory changes in affected brain regions.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 50

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite analysis in the APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, comparing metabolite levels across different age groups. These profiles indicate progressive neuroinflammatory changes in affected brain regions.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 51

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite analysis in the APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, comparing metabolite levels across different age groups. These profiles indicate progressive neuroinflammatory changes in affected brain regions.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 52

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite analysis in the APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, comparing metabolite levels across different age groups. These profiles indicate progressive neuroinflammatory changes in affected brain regions.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 53

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite analysis in the APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, comparing metabolite levels across different age groups. These profiles indicate progressive neuroinflammatory changes in affected brain regions.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 54

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite analysis in the APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, comparing metabolite levels across different age groups. These profiles indicate progressive neuroinflammatory changes in affected brain regions.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 55

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite analysis in the APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, comparing metabolite levels across different age groups. These profiles indicate progressive neuroinflammatory changes in affected brain regions.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 56

                        
                        
Quantitative metabolite profiling data from brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease model mice, illustrating how specific metabolite concentrations shift over time. The longitudinal design captures the trajectory of neuroinflammation-related metabolic alterations.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 57

                        
                        
Quantitative metabolite profiling data from brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease model mice, illustrating how specific metabolite concentrations shift over time. The longitudinal design captures the trajectory of neuroinflammation-related metabolic alterations.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 58

                        
                        
Quantitative metabolite profiling data from brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease model mice, illustrating how specific metabolite concentrations shift over time. The longitudinal design captures the trajectory of neuroinflammation-related metabolic alterations.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 59

                        
                        
Quantitative metabolite profiling data from brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease model mice, illustrating how specific metabolite concentrations shift over time. The longitudinal design captures the trajectory of neuroinflammation-related metabolic alterations.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 60

                        
                        
Quantitative metabolite profiling data from brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease model mice, illustrating how specific metabolite concentrations shift over time. The longitudinal design captures the trajectory of neuroinflammation-related metabolic alterations.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 61

                        
                        
Quantitative metabolite profiling data from brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease model mice, illustrating how specific metabolite concentrations shift over time. The longitudinal design captures the trajectory of neuroinflammation-related metabolic alterations.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 62

                        
                        
Quantitative metabolite profiling data from brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease model mice, illustrating how specific metabolite concentrations shift over time. The longitudinal design captures the trajectory of neuroinflammation-related metabolic alterations.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 63

                        
                        
Quantitative metabolite profiling data from brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease model mice, illustrating how specific metabolite concentrations shift over time. The longitudinal design captures the trajectory of neuroinflammation-related metabolic alterations.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 64

                        
                        
Quantitative metabolite profiling data from brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease model mice, illustrating how specific metabolite concentrations shift over time. The longitudinal design captures the trajectory of neuroinflammation-related metabolic alterations.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 65

                        
                        
Quantitative metabolite profiling data from brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease model mice, illustrating how specific metabolite concentrations shift over time. The longitudinal design captures the trajectory of neuroinflammation-related metabolic alterations.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 66

                        
                        
Brain metabolite measurements from APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mice at multiple time points, providing evidence for progressive metabolic disruption linked to neuroinflammation. The data suggest region-specific vulnerability in this Alzheimer's disease model.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 67

                        
                        
Brain metabolite measurements from APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mice at multiple time points, providing evidence for progressive metabolic disruption linked to neuroinflammation. The data suggest region-specific vulnerability in this Alzheimer's disease model.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 68

                        
                        
Brain metabolite measurements from APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mice at multiple time points, providing evidence for progressive metabolic disruption linked to neuroinflammation. The data suggest region-specific vulnerability in this Alzheimer's disease model.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 69

                        
                        
Brain metabolite measurements from APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mice at multiple time points, providing evidence for progressive metabolic disruption linked to neuroinflammation. The data suggest region-specific vulnerability in this Alzheimer's disease model.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 70

                        
                        
Brain metabolite measurements from APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mice at multiple time points, providing evidence for progressive metabolic disruption linked to neuroinflammation. The data suggest region-specific vulnerability in this Alzheimer's disease model.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 71

                        
                        
Brain metabolite measurements from APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mice at multiple time points, providing evidence for progressive metabolic disruption linked to neuroinflammation. The data suggest region-specific vulnerability in this Alzheimer's disease model.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 72

                        
                        
Brain metabolite measurements from APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mice at multiple time points, providing evidence for progressive metabolic disruption linked to neuroinflammation. The data suggest region-specific vulnerability in this Alzheimer's disease model.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 73

                        
                        
Brain metabolite measurements from APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mice at multiple time points, providing evidence for progressive metabolic disruption linked to neuroinflammation. The data suggest region-specific vulnerability in this Alzheimer's disease model.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 74

                        
                        
Brain metabolite measurements from APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mice at multiple time points, providing evidence for progressive metabolic disruption linked to neuroinflammation. The data suggest region-specific vulnerability in this Alzheimer's disease model.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 75

                        
                        
Brain metabolite measurements from APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic mice at multiple time points, providing evidence for progressive metabolic disruption linked to neuroinflammation. The data suggest region-specific vulnerability in this Alzheimer's disease model.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 76

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite concentration data from the APPswe x PS1de9 Alzheimer's mouse model, revealing time-dependent changes in brain metabolic profiles. These measurements support the association between neuroinflammation and metabolic dysregulation.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 77

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite concentration data from the APPswe x PS1de9 Alzheimer's mouse model, revealing time-dependent changes in brain metabolic profiles. These measurements support the association between neuroinflammation and metabolic dysregulation.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 78

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite concentration data from the APPswe x PS1de9 Alzheimer's mouse model, revealing time-dependent changes in brain metabolic profiles. These measurements support the association between neuroinflammation and metabolic dysregulation.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 79

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite concentration data from the APPswe x PS1de9 Alzheimer's mouse model, revealing time-dependent changes in brain metabolic profiles. These measurements support the association between neuroinflammation and metabolic dysregulation.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 80

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite concentration data from the APPswe x PS1de9 Alzheimer's mouse model, revealing time-dependent changes in brain metabolic profiles. These measurements support the association between neuroinflammation and metabolic dysregulation.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 81

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite concentration data from the APPswe x PS1de9 Alzheimer's mouse model, revealing time-dependent changes in brain metabolic profiles. These measurements support the association between neuroinflammation and metabolic dysregulation.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 82

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite concentration data from the APPswe x PS1de9 Alzheimer's mouse model, revealing time-dependent changes in brain metabolic profiles. These measurements support the association between neuroinflammation and metabolic dysregulation.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 83

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite concentration data from the APPswe x PS1de9 Alzheimer's mouse model, revealing time-dependent changes in brain metabolic profiles. These measurements support the association between neuroinflammation and metabolic dysregulation.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 84

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite concentration data from the APPswe x PS1de9 Alzheimer's mouse model, revealing time-dependent changes in brain metabolic profiles. These measurements support the association between neuroinflammation and metabolic dysregulation.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 85

                        
                        
Longitudinal metabolite concentration data from the APPswe x PS1de9 Alzheimer's mouse model, revealing time-dependent changes in brain metabolic profiles. These measurements support the association between neuroinflammation and metabolic dysregulation.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 86

                        
                        
Supplementary metabolite profiling data from brain regions of APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic Alzheimer's mice. The extended longitudinal dataset captures the full trajectory of neuroinflammatory metabolic perturbations across the disease course.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 87

                        
                        
Supplementary metabolite profiling data from brain regions of APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic Alzheimer's mice. The extended longitudinal dataset captures the full trajectory of neuroinflammatory metabolic perturbations across the disease course.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 88

                        
                        
Supplementary metabolite profiling data from brain regions of APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic Alzheimer's mice. The extended longitudinal dataset captures the full trajectory of neuroinflammatory metabolic perturbations across the disease course.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 89

                        
                        
Supplementary metabolite profiling data from brain regions of APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic Alzheimer's mice. The extended longitudinal dataset captures the full trajectory of neuroinflammatory metabolic perturbations across the disease course.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 90

                        
                        
Supplementary metabolite profiling data from brain regions of APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic Alzheimer's mice. The extended longitudinal dataset captures the full trajectory of neuroinflammatory metabolic perturbations across the disease course.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 91

                        
                        
Supplementary metabolite profiling data from brain regions of APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic Alzheimer's mice. The extended longitudinal dataset captures the full trajectory of neuroinflammatory metabolic perturbations across the disease course.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 92

                        
                        
Supplementary metabolite profiling data from brain regions of APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic Alzheimer's mice. The extended longitudinal dataset captures the full trajectory of neuroinflammatory metabolic perturbations across the disease course.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 93

                        
                        
Supplementary metabolite profiling data from brain regions of APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic Alzheimer's mice. The extended longitudinal dataset captures the full trajectory of neuroinflammatory metabolic perturbations across the disease course.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 94

                        
                        
Supplementary metabolite profiling data from brain regions of APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic Alzheimer's mice. The extended longitudinal dataset captures the full trajectory of neuroinflammatory metabolic perturbations across the disease course.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 95

                        
                        
Supplementary metabolite profiling data from brain regions of APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic Alzheimer's mice. The extended longitudinal dataset captures the full trajectory of neuroinflammatory metabolic perturbations across the disease course.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 96

                        
                        
Supplementary metabolite profiling data from brain regions of APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic Alzheimer's mice. The extended longitudinal dataset captures the full trajectory of neuroinflammatory metabolic perturbations across the disease course.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
                    

                        
Figure 97

                        
                        
Supplementary metabolite profiling data from brain regions of APPswe x PS1de9 transgenic Alzheimer's mice. The extended longitudinal dataset captures the full trajectory of neuroinflammatory metabolic perturbations across the disease course.

                        
                        
                        chart
                        
                    

                
                
            

        

        

        
        
        

            

  
Tables





            

                
                

                    

                        
Table 1

                        
                    

                    

                        

                    

                

                
                

                    

                        
Table 2

                        
                    

                    

                        

                    

                

                
                

                    

                        
Table 3

                        
                    

                    

                        

                    

                

                
                

                    

                        
Table 4

                        
                    

                    

                        

                    

                

                
                

                    

                        
Table 5

                        
                    

                    

                        

                    

                

                
            

        

        

        
        

        
        
        

            

  
Used In Evidence Reviews





            

                
                
                    

                        C

                        
                            Taurine per Oxidative Stress & Neuroinflammation
                        
                    

                    
                
                
            

        

        

        
        
        

            

  
Similar Papers





            

                
                
                    
Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.) · 2015

                    
Assessment and treatment of insomnia in adult patients with alcohol use disorders.

                    

                        122 citations
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2014

                    
The clinical pharmacology of acamprosate.

                    

                        111 citations
                        Open Access
                    

                
                
                
                    
Life sciences · 2019

                    
Roles of taurine in cognitive function of physiology, pathologies and toxication.

                    

                        110 citations
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2014

                    
Taurine ameliorates neuropathy via regulating NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling cascades in diabetic rats.

                    

                        102 citations
                        
                    

                
                
                
                    
Frontiers in aging · 2023

                    
The dual face of microglia (M1/M2) as a potential target in the protective effect of nutraceuticals against neurodegenerative diseases.

                    

                        76 citations
                        Open Access
                    

                
                
                
                    
Frontiers in bioscience (Scholar edition) · 2015

                    
Ageing, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.

                    

                        62 citations
                        Open Access