**Figure 1.** Following oral administration, curcumin demonstrates poor systemic bioavailability due to limited intestinal absorption, rapid hepatic metabolism, and swift systemic elimination [23]. Clinical pharmacokinetic studies have shown that even high oral doses (4–8 g/day) yield low plasma concentrations, typically ranging from 0.4 to 1.7 micromoles per liter (µmol/L) [24]. These low levels are largely attributed to extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism, including reductive metabolism and subsequent conjugation with glucuronic acid and sulfate, producing curcumin glucuronides and sulfates (Figure 1) [25].

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Overview of curcumin's pharmacokinetic challenges following oral administration, including poor systemic bioavailability due to limited intestinal absorption and rapid hepatic metabolism. The narrative review discusses strategies to enhance curcumin delivery to the central nervous system for neuroprotective applications.

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Curcumin's anti-inflammatory mechanisms operate primarily through modulation of the NF-kappa-B signaling pathway. The diagram illustrates how curcumin suppresses neuroinflammatory cascades implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and post-stroke cognitive impairment.

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The Neuroprotective Role of Curcumin: From Molecular Pathways to Clinical Translation-A Narrative Review.

Nutrients (2025)

PMID: 40944272

DOI: 10.3390/nu17172884

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![Figure 1: Overview of curcumin's pharmacokinetic challenges following oral administration, including poor systemic bioavailability due to limited intestinal absorption and rapid hepatic metabolism. The narrative review discusses strategies to enhance curcumin delivery to the central nervous system for neuroprotective applications.](https://pdfs.citedhealth.com/figures/40944272/199.png)

> Source: Andrea Lehoczki et al. "The Neuroprotective Role of Curcumin: From Molecular Pathways to Clinical Transl." *Nutrients*, 2025. PMID: [40944272](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40944272/)

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  <img src="https://pdfs.citedhealth.com/figures/40944272/199.png" alt="Overview of curcumin's pharmacokinetic challenges following oral administration, including poor systemic bioavailability due to limited intestinal absorption and rapid hepatic metabolism. The narrative review discusses strategies to enhance curcumin delivery to the central nervous system for neuroprotective applications." />
  <figcaption>Figure 1. Overview of curcumin's pharmacokinetic challenges following oral administration, including poor systemic bioavailability due to limited intestinal absorption and rapid hepatic metabolism. The narrative review discusses strategies to enhance curcumin delivery to the central nervous system for neuroprotective applications.<br>  Source: Andrea Lehoczki et al. "The Neuroprotective Role of Curcumin: From Molecular Pathways to Clinical Transl." <em>Nutrients</em>, 2025. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40944272/">40944272</a></figcaption>
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