Research Figures

Cordycepin modulates immune responses through effects on macrophage activation and cytokine production. This figure presents immunomodulatory data from in vitro and in vivo studies of cordycepin treatment.

Cordycepin for Health and Wellbeing: A Potent Bioactive Metabolite of an Entomopathogenic …

Anti-microbial and anti-viral activities of cordycepin complement its anti-inflammatory properties. This figure summarizes evidence for cordycepin's broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential.

Cordycepin for Health and Wellbeing: A Potent Bioactive Metabolite of an Entomopathogenic …

Cordyceps-derived products are available globally as nutraceutical supplements. This figure combines a pictorial representation of Cordyceps' therapeutic potential with a table of commercially available nutraceutical formulations.

Cordycepin for Health and Wellbeing: A Potent Bioactive Metabolite of an Entomopathogenic …

Preclinical evidence supports cordycepin's hepatoprotective and nephroprotective properties. This figure presents data on cordycepin's organ-protective effects in various disease models.

Cordycepin for Health and Wellbeing: A Potent Bioactive Metabolite of an Entomopathogenic …

Cordycepin may exert anti-diabetic effects through regulation of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Panel A illustrates the proposed mechanism for anti-diabetic activity, while Panel B depicts cordycepin's role in fat metabolism regulation in hyperlipidemia.

Cordycepin for Health and Wellbeing: A Potent Bioactive Metabolite of an Entomopathogenic …

Global demand for Cordyceps-based nutraceuticals is concentrated in China, India, Tibet, and Nepal. This figure projects the expected nutraceutical market growth, with these regions positioned as global leaders in cordycepin production and extraction.

Cordycepin for Health and Wellbeing: A Potent Bioactive Metabolite of an Entomopathogenic …

Pro-degeneration factors including aging, obesity, and unhealthy diets can be counterbalanced by physical activity, caloric restriction, and antioxidants. This diagram illustrates how these opposing influences modulate the onset, severity, and duration of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ALS.

Dietary habits, lifestyle factors and neurodegenerative diseases.

Vascular biomarkers and endothelial function parameters were measured to assess resveratrol's cardiovascular effects. This figure presents changes in vascular health indicators during the 14-week supplementation trial.

Effects of Resveratrol on Cognitive Performance, Mood and Cerebrovascular Function in Post-Menopausal …

Resveratrol supplementation was associated with changes in cognitive test performance in post-menopausal women. Pre-post intervention differences calculated using Z-scores revealed significant differences between resveratrol and placebo groups on individual cognitive domains and overall cognitive performance.

Effects of Resveratrol on Cognitive Performance, Mood and Cerebrovascular Function in Post-Menopausal …

Cerebrovascular responsiveness to hypercapnia was measured in the middle cerebral artery using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Treatment changes in cerebrovascular reactivity after 14 weeks suggest resveratrol may enhance cerebral blood flow regulation in post-menopausal women.

Effects of Resveratrol on Cognitive Performance, Mood and Cerebrovascular Function in Post-Menopausal …

Alzheimer's disease involves a complex pathological cascade initially triggered by amyloid-beta accumulation or aberrant APP processing. This figure argues for pleiotropic interventions that simultaneously target multiple pathological mechanisms rather than single molecular targets.

Why pleiotropic interventions are needed for Alzheimer's disease.

Study enrollment and participant flow for a long-term follow-up trial of prolonged-release melatonin (PedPRM) in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder and insomnia. The diagram tracks participants through screening, treatment phases, and follow-up periods.

Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Insomnia in Children …

Efficacy outcomes showing changes in sleep parameters over the extended treatment period with pediatric prolonged-release melatonin in children with ASD. Long-term data indicate sustained improvements in sleep onset latency and total sleep time.

Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Insomnia in Children …

Safety assessment data from the open-label extension of PedPRM treatment in pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorder. Adverse event profiles suggest the prolonged-release melatonin formulation maintained an acceptable safety profile over the extended study period.

Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Insomnia in Children …

Summary of sleep quality measures or caregiver-reported outcomes during long-term PedPRM administration in children with ASD and comorbid insomnia. Results suggest continued therapeutic benefit with nightly melatonin use.

Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Pediatric Prolonged-Release Melatonin for Insomnia in Children …

Comprehensive drug interaction summary for vortioxetine, including effects on and by concomitant medications. Clinicians are advised to consider CYP2D6 inhibitor status when prescribing vortioxetine.

Vortioxetine: Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Drug Interactions.

Molecular pathways of iron metabolism and ferroptosis in the context of neurodegenerative disease. Excessive iron accumulation in neurons can trigger lipid peroxidation and cell death through ferroptotic mechanisms.

Homeostasis and metabolism of iron and other metal ions in neurodegenerative diseases.

Schematic of copper homeostasis and cuproptosis mechanisms relevant to neurodegeneration. Copper imbalance has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Wilson's disease and may contribute to Alzheimer's disease progression.

Homeostasis and metabolism of iron and other metal ions in neurodegenerative diseases.

Illustration of zinc and manganese transport and regulatory mechanisms in the central nervous system, highlighting how disruptions in metal ion balance may accelerate neurodegenerative processes.

Homeostasis and metabolism of iron and other metal ions in neurodegenerative diseases.

Summary of therapeutic strategies targeting metal ion dysregulation in neurodegenerative diseases, including iron chelation, antioxidant supplementation, and metal transporter modulation.

Homeostasis and metabolism of iron and other metal ions in neurodegenerative diseases.

Integrative model linking metal ion imbalance to multiple neurodegenerative disease mechanisms including oxidative stress, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, cellular senescence, and neuroinflammation.

Homeostasis and metabolism of iron and other metal ions in neurodegenerative diseases.

Participant flow or baseline characteristics from a randomized placebo-controlled trial of resveratrol supplementation in postmenopausal women are presented. The study tested whether regular resveratrol intake could improve bone mineral density in women at risk for osteoporosis.

Regular Supplementation With Resveratrol Improves Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: A …

Bone mineral density measurements at key skeletal sites are compared between resveratrol and placebo groups over the trial period. Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in red grapes, was hypothesized to act as a phytoestrogen with bone-protective properties.

Regular Supplementation With Resveratrol Improves Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: A …

Secondary outcomes or biomarker data from the resveratrol supplementation trial are displayed. The analysis examines whether improvements in bone mineral density correlate with changes in bone turnover markers or inflammatory mediators.

Regular Supplementation With Resveratrol Improves Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: A …